BFO 2 Reference: BFO does not claim to provide complete coverage of entities of all types. It seeks only to provide coverage of those entities studied by empirical science together with those entities which affect or are involved in human activities such as data processing and planning - coverage that is sufficiently broad to provide assistance to those engaged in building domain ontologies for purposes of data annotation.
BFO 2 Reference: BFO's treatment of continuants and occurrents - as also its treatment of regions, rests on a dichotomy between space and time, and on the view that there are two perspectives on reality - earlier called the 'SNAP' and 'SPAN' perspectives, both of which are essential to the non-reductionist representation of reality as we understand it from the best available science.
BFO 2 Reference: For both terms and relational expressions in BFO, we distinguish between primitive and defined. 'Entity' is an example of a primitive term. Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms that are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms.
v1.0.10 (2022-09-06): changed language from german to english on "hasShape", "influencedBy" and others. Added "isSubpropertyOf" to some ObjectProperties by Martin Huschka.
v1.0.9 (2021-11-12): hasImpactOn, influencedBy and hasQuality added as Object Property by Martin Huschka.
v1.0.8 (2021-04-14): "hasShape" added as dataProperty and MetaDataset added as subclass of DataSet in order to describe the Hdf%Container structure. "FileName" was added as a Subclass of Name. Changes performed by Elena G Trelles (Fraunhofer IWM in the context of the HUB Episode VI-sprint V).
v1.0.7 (2021-03-11): Subclasses of "Identifier" contained in the "domain" module were transfer to the mid-level module with updated IRIs. The new classes ExternalObjectID, URLToFile, and HDF5File were added to the mid-level module. Changes performed by Elena G Trelles (Fraunhofer IWM).
v1.0.6 (2020-12-07): Data properties (hasBooleanLiteral, hasURILiteral) added by Martin Huschka (Fraunhofer EMI).
v1.0.5 (2020-12-04): Annotations were added to every entity by Christoph Schweizer.
v1.0.4 (2020-11-04): Updated by Elena G Trelles (Fraunhofer IWM). MaterialName added as subclass of Name, hasDateLiteral (range:xds:dateTime) added as DataProperty, ranges specified as well for hasDoubleLiteral (xds:double) and hasIntegerLiteral (xds:integer)
v1.0.3 (2020-11-04): Updated format properties by Elena G Trelles (Fraunhofer IWM). Addition of data/object properties as subproperty of topProperty.
v1.0.2 (2020-11-04): Import GraphDesigner (GD) Ontology and added GD-annotations to some classes, object properties and data properties.
v1.0.1 (2020-10-20): Basic activities performed: All datatypes of labels were changed from xsd:string to xml:lang='en'. Language tag of the annotation properties "author" and "curator" were adapted to 'en'. Curator 'Simon Stier' added.
v1.0.0 (2020-10-12): The BWMD-Ontology was curated within the DMD4F-project. It was divided into two modules: 'mid' and 'domain'. The ontology IRI was changed and the IRI-naming convention was altered in order to incorporate iterative IDs, the former entity-IRI now is the 'label'. Curation performed by Martin Huschka, Philipp von Hartrott und Simon Stier.
v1.1.9 (2022-09-20): Added "hasEnvironmentalImpact" for carbon footprint labelling. Deleted "hasQuality" in LPBFO since appearance in BWMD_mid.
v1.1.8 (2022-09-06): Added "CO2Emission" for carbon footprint labelling.
v1.1.7 (2021-11-30): Added classes regarding the operation of the LPBF process.
v1.1.6 (2021-11-16): Added the classes of LCA by Yu-Sheng Tang
v1.1.5 (2021-11-16): Added SliceLinesPerLayerFile, RecoaterDirection and SealingOfBuildSpace for ADAM project by Martin Huschka.
v1.1.4 (2021-11-12): Added several Classes to better specify the LPBF process within the ADAM project (am-data-space.org)
v1.1.3 (2021-09-09): Refactored to LPBF Ontology.
v1.0.3 (2021-09-09): Renamed to LPBF Ontology without refactoring. Entities added.
v1.0.2 (2021-08-03): Several Classes for the LPBF process at fem were added.
v1.0.1 (2020-12-14): D10, D50, D90 were added.
Alan Ruttenberg
Albert Goldfain
Barry Smith
Bill Duncan
Bjoern Peters
Chris Mungall
David Osumi-Sutherland
Fabian Neuhaus
Holger Stenzhorn
James A. Overton
Janna Hastings
Jie Zheng
Jonathan Bona
Larry Hunter
Leonard Jacuzzo
Ludger Jansen
Mark Ressler
Mathias Brochhausen
Mauricio Almeida
Melanie Courtot
Pierre Grenon
Randall Dipert
Ron Rudnicki
Selja Seppälä
Stefan Schulz
Thomas Bittner
Werner Ceusters
Yongqun "Oliver" He
1. Kontakt:
Christoph Schweizer
Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoffmechanik IWM
Wöhlerstraße 11, 79108 Freiburg
christoph.schweizer@iwm.fraunhofer.de
Contact:
Martin Huschka
Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics , Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI
Ernst-Zermelo-Strasse 4, 79104 Freiburg , Germany
Martin.Huschka@EMI.Fraunhofer.de
Contact:
Martin Huschka
Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics , Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI
Ernst-Zermelo-Strasse 4, 79104 Freiburg , Germany
Martin.Huschka@EMI.Fraunhofer.de
Contact:
Martin Jäcklein
Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics , Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI
Ernst-Zermelo-Strasse 4, 79104 Freiburg , Germany
Martin.Huschka@EMI.Fraunhofer.de
Kontakt:
Philipp von Hartrott
Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoffmechanik IWM
Wöhlerstraße 11, 79108 Freiburg
philipp.von.hartrott@iwm.fraunhofer.de
Please see the project site https://github.com/BFO-ontology/BFO, the bfo2 owl discussion group http://groups.google.com/group/bfo-owl-devel, the bfo2 discussion group http://groups.google.com/group/bfo-devel, the tracking google doc http://goo.gl/IlrEE, and the current version of the bfo2 reference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/dev/bfo2-reference.docx. This ontology is generated from a specification at https://github.com/BFO-ontology/BFO/tree/master/src/ontology/owl-group/specification/ and with the code that generates the OWL version in https://github.com/BFO-ontology/BFO/tree/master/src/tools/. A very early version of BFO version 2 in CLIF is at http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/dev/bfo.clif.
The BSD license on the BFO project site refers to code used to build BFO.
The LPBF Ontology can be used to describe the additive manufacturing of a component via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) / Selective Laser Melting (SLM). The ontology builds on BFO2.0 and BWMD_mid and has been developed to be used in conjunction with the digital workflows provided by Fraunhofer IWM. If possible, the terminology within this ontology was used as provided by ISO/ASTM 52900:2015. Historically, it was created as LPBFO ontology; an ontology that described the SLM process at Fraunhofer EMI. However, it is now being used for other applications as well, some leftovers named EMISLM might still be apparent until being updated.
This BFO 2.0 version represents a major update to BFO and is not strictly backwards compatible with BFO 1.1. The previous OWL version of BFO, version 1.1.1 will remain available at http://ifomis.org/bfo/1.1 and will no longer be updated. The BFO 2.0 OWL is a classes-only specification. The incorporation of core relations has been held over for a later version.
This is the mid-level module of the BWMD_ontology.
v1.0.10
v1.1.9
Christoph Schweizer (Fraunhofer IWM)
Martin Huschka (Fraunhofer EMI)
Martin Jäcklein (Fraunhofer EMI)
Elena Garcia Trelles (Fraunhofer IWM)
Martin Huschka (Fraunhofer EMI)
Philipp von Hartrott (Fraunhofer IWM)
Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification.
Really of interest to developers only
BFO OWL specification label
Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2
Person:Alan Ruttenberg
Really of interest to developers only
BFO CLIF specification label
editor preferred term
example of usage
definition
editor note
term editor
alternative term
definition source
curator note
imported from
elucidation
has associated axiom(nl)
has associated axiom(fol)
has axiom label
The author of the ontology, i.e. the person who one that originates or creates classes, properties, axioms primarily.
author
The curator of the ontology, i.e. the person who reviews the created ontology and eventually modified it structure or semantic-wise.
curator
hasEnvironmentalImpact
Indicates properties, such as IDs, names etc. which are used to identify objects, processes etc.
hasIdentifier
Any kind of relationships that attaches datasets, identifiers and structural quantity
hasInfo
Indicates a reference to something
refersTo
Indicates that a technological product is composed of an engineering material
isComposedOf
Indicates, that something is a part of something (e.g. objects and processes)
hasPart
{"rc":[0,0,0], "lw":0.75}
Any connection which is determining the chronological order of continuants and processes
chronologicalConnection
A relationship to attach temporal information (e.g. a timestamp to a process)
hasTemporalInfo
Any kind of relationship that attaches datasets to entities
hasAttachedDataSet
Indicates the operator of a process
hasOperator
Indicates, that something (software, objects, physics models) participate in a process
hasParticipant
Indicates, that field data contains values of a certain type (e.g. a physical quantity)
containsValuesOfType
Indicates that an individual is of type something?
isOfType
Relationship, that means, that something is the output of a process
hasOutput
{"rc":[0,0,0], "lw":1.75}
A reference, that indicates that something is defined by something else. E.g. the location/shape of a geometric feature is defined by the CAD file.
isDefinedBy
Indicates an attached structural quantity of some kind (both in the meaning of geometry, microstructure and file structure)
hasStructuralQuantity
Specific textual input (such as comments, descriptions) is attached to any kind of entity
hasTextualInfo
A relationship that states, that some process precedes another one
precedes
{"rc":[0,0,0], "lw":1.75}
A relationship that attaches datasets with structural content (e.g. geometry or microstructure) to objects
hasStructuralInfo
Relationship, that means that something is the input for some kind of process
isInputFor
{"rc":[67,129,191], "lw":1.25}
Indicates that a process is performed in accordance with some kind of regulation
inAccordanceWith
Relationship to attach a process parameter set (control variables) to a process
hasControlInfo
Indicates the quantity kind of a quantity
hasQuantityKind
E.g. a process quantity or material data set is representative for a certain temporal state of an object
isRepresentativeFor
describes the quality values an entity has
hasQuality
http://purl.oclc.org/NET/UASO/qoi#hasQuality
http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/DUL.owl#hasQuality
The subject was influenced by the object. inverseOf hasImpactOn. Subject and object can be Persons or Works (eg ProgrammingLanguage) (en)
influencedBy
https://dbpedia.org/ontology/influencedBy
An object influences a subject. inverseOf influencedBy. Subject and object can be Persons or Works (eg ProgrammingLanguage) (en)
hasImpactOn
indicates a literal which specifies a unit symbol (e.g. "s", "N", "MPa"...)
hasUnitSymbol
indicates a literal of type string
hasStringLiteral
indicates a literal of type double
hasDoubleLiteral
Indicates any kind of literal
hasValue
{"rc":[255,128,0], "lw":0.75}
indicates a literal of type integer
hasIntegerLiteral
indicates a literal of type real/float
hasRealLiteral
indicates a literal that refers to an element symbol (e.g. "Al", "Mg", "Fe"...)
refersToElementSymbol
Indicates a literal of type dateTime
hasDateLiteral
hasBooleanLiteral
hasURILiteral
links a field data (e.g. an n-DimArray) with its shape (a tuple). Created in the context of the HDF5Container (HUB-EpisodeVI-Sprint5)
hasShape
BFO:0000001
entity
Entity
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
entity
Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
per discussion with Barry Smith
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
BFO:0000002
continuant
Continuant
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
continuant
{"ic":[70,130,180], "iw":0.8}
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
BFO:0000003
occurrent
Occurrent
BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
(forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
occurrent
{"ic":[28,158,113], "iw":0.8}
Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
per discussion with Barry Smith
Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
(forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
BFO:0000004
ic
IndependentContinuant
a chair
a heart
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
independent continuant
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
BFO:0000006
s-region
SpatialRegion
BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes.
Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional.
A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001])
All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001])
(forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001]
spatial region
Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional.
per discussion with Barry Smith
A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001])
All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001])
(forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001]
BFO:0000008
t-region
TemporalRegion
Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional
A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001])
All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001])
Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002])
(forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001]
(forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001]
temporal region
Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional
per discussion with Barry Smith
A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001])
All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001])
Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002])
(forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001]
(forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001]
BFO:0000009
2d-s-region
TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion
an infinitely thin plane in space.
the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space
A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001])
(forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001]
two-dimensional spatial region
A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001])
(forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001]
BFO:0000011
st-region
SpatiotemporalRegion
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a process of cellular meiosis.
the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor
A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001])
All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001])
Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001])
Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001])
Every spatiotemporal region occupies_spatiotemporal_region itself.
Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002])
(forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002]
(forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001]
(forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001]
spatiotemporal region
A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001])
All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001])
Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001])
Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001])
Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002])
(forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002]
(forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001]
(forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001]
BFO:0000015
process
Process
a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
a process of meiosis
a process of sleeping
the course of a disease
the flight of a bird
the life of an organism
your process of aging.
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
(iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
process
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
(iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
BFO:0000016
disposition
Disposition
an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
(forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
(forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
disposition
b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
(forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
(forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
BFO:0000017
realizable
RealizableEntity
the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
the disposition of your blood to coagulate
the function of your reproductive organs
the role of being a doctor
the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
realizable entity
To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
BFO:0000018
0d-s-region
ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion
A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001]
zero-dimensional spatial region
A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001]
BFO:0000019
quality
Quality
the ambient temperature of this portion of air
the color of a tomato
the length of the circumference of your waist
the mass of this piece of gold.
the shape of your nose
the shape of your nostril
a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
(forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
(forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
quality
{"ic":[218,218,218], "sym":[16], "tc":[0,0,0], "iw":0.8}
a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
(forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
(forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
BFO:0000020
sdc
SpecificallyDependentContinuant
Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
the disposition of this fish to decay
the function of this heart: to pump blood
the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
the role of being a doctor
the shape of this hole.
the smell of this portion of mozzarella
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
specifically dependent continuant
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
per discussion with Barry Smith
(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
BFO:0000023
role
Role
John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
the priest role
the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
the role of a building in serving as a military target
the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
the role of subject in a clinical trial
the student role
BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
(forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
role
b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
(forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
BFO:0000024
fiat-object-part
FiatObjectPart
or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29
the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body.
the Western hemisphere of the Earth
the division of the brain into regions
the division of the planet into hemispheres
the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body
the upper and lower lobes of the left lung
BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions
b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004])
(forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004]
fiat object part
b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004])
(forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004]
BFO:0000026
1d-s-region
OneDimensionalSpatialRegion
an edge of a cube-shaped portion of space.
A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001]
one-dimensional spatial region
A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001]
BFO:0000027
object-aggregate
ObjectAggregate
a collection of cells in a blood biobank.
a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds
a symphony orchestra
an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team)
defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization
defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite
defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container
defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital
the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint
the aggregate of blood cells in your body
the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere
the restaurants in Palo Alto
your collection of Meissen ceramic plates.
An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects
BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee).
ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158.
b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004])
(forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004]
object aggregate
An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects
An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects
ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158.
b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004])
(forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004]
BFO:0000028
3d-s-region
ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion
a cube-shaped region of space
a sphere-shaped region of space,
A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001])
(forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001]
three-dimensional spatial region
A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001])
(forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001]
BFO:0000029
site
Site
Manhattan Canyon)
a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese
a rabbit hole
an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport
the Grand Canyon
the Piazza San Marco
the cockpit of an aircraft
the hold of a ship
the interior of a kangaroo pouch
the interior of the trunk of your car
the interior of your bedroom
the interior of your office
the interior of your refrigerator
the lumen of your gut
your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity)
b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])
(forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002]
site
b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])
(forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002]
BFO:0000030
object
Object
atom
cell
cells and organisms
engineered artifacts
grain of sand
molecule
organelle
organism
planet
solid portions of matter
star
BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting.
BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below).
BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47
BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity
BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74
b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001])
object
b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001])
BFO:0000031
gdc
GenericallyDependentContinuant
The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
(iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
generically dependent continuant
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
(iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
BFO:0000034
function
Function
the function of a hammer to drive in nails
the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar
BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
(forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
function
A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
(forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
BFO:0000035
p-boundary
ProcessBoundary
the boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life.
p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001])
Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002])
(forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002]
(iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001]
process boundary
p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001])
Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002])
(forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002]
(iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001]
BFO:0000038
1d-t-region
OneDimensionalTemporalRegion
the temporal region during which a process occurs.
BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks).
A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001]
one-dimensional temporal region
A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001]
BFO:0000040
material
MaterialEntity
a flame
a forest fire
a human being
a hurricane
a photon
a puff of smoke
a sea wave
a tornado
an aggregate of human beings.
an energy wave
an epidemic
the undetached arm of a human being
BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
material entity
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
BFO:0000140
cf-boundary
ContinuantFiatBoundary
b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001])
BFO 2 Reference: In BFO 1.1 the assumption was made that the external surface of a material entity such as a cell could be treated as if it were a boundary in the mathematical sense. The new document propounds the view that when we talk about external surfaces of material objects in this way then we are talking about something fiat. To be dealt with in a future version: fiat boundaries at different levels of granularity.More generally, the focus in discussion of boundaries in BFO 2.0 is now on fiat boundaries, which means: boundaries for which there is no assumption that they coincide with physical discontinuities. The ontology of boundaries becomes more closely allied with the ontology of regions.
BFO 2 Reference: a continuant fiat boundary is a boundary of some material entity (for example: the plane separating the Northern and Southern hemispheres; the North Pole), or it is a boundary of some immaterial entity (for example of some portion of airspace). Three basic kinds of continuant fiat boundary can be distinguished (together with various combination kinds [29
Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions.
Every continuant fiat boundary is located at some spatial region at every time at which it exists
(iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001]
continuant fiat boundary
b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001])
Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions.
(iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001]
BFO:0000141
immaterial
ImmaterialEntity
BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10
immaterial entity
BFO:0000142
1d-cf-boundary
OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary
The Equator
all geopolitical boundaries
all lines of latitude and longitude
the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin.
the median sulcus of your tongue
a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001])
(iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001]
one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001])
(iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001]
BFO:0000144
process-profile
ProcessProfile
On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels
One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance.
The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on.
b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002])
b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005])
(forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005]
(iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002]
process profile
b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002])
b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005])
(forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005]
(iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002]
BFO:0000145
r-quality
RelationalQuality
John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
a marriage bond, an instance of requited love, an obligation between one person and another.
b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001])
(iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001]
relational quality
b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001])
(iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001]
BFO:0000146
2d-cf-boundary
TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary
a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001])
(iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001]
two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001])
(iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001]
BFO:0000147
0d-cf-boundary
ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary
the geographic North Pole
the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system.
the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet
zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.
a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001])
(iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001]
zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.
requested by Melanie Courtot
a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001])
(iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001]
BFO:0000148
0d-t-region
ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion
a temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary
right now
the moment at which a child is born
the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident
the moment of death.
temporal instant.
A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001]
zero-dimensional temporal region
A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001])
(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001]
BFO:0000182
history
History
A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001])
history
A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001])
owl:Thing
LPBFO_00001
Metal powder that is supplied to an AM machine as a starting material or that leaves the construction cycle as unused powder.
MetalPowder
LPBFO_00002
Section of the additive manufacturing system, including hardware and machine control software, required commissioning software and peripheral accessories that are necessary to complete a construction cycle for producing parts.
ISO/ASTM 52900
AMMachine
AdditiveManufacturingMachine
LPBFO_00003
Set of operating parameters and system settings used during a construction cycle in additive manufacturing.
ISO/ASTM 52900
ProcessParameters
LPBFO_00004
The particle-size distribution (PSD) of a powder, or granular material, or particles dispersed in fluid, is a list of values or a mathematical function that defines the relative amount, typically by mass, of particles present according to size.
Jillavenkatesa A, Dapkunas S J, Lin-Sien Lum, Particle Size Characterization, NIST Special Publication 960-1, 2001
ParticleSizeDistribution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle-size_distribution
LPBFO_00005
According to ISO/ASTM 52900, the SelectiveLaserMelting process is now commonly called "LaserPowderBedFusion (L-PBF)".
Additive manufacturing process, in which thermal energy provided by a laser specifically melts areas of a powder bed.
ISO/ASTM 52900
LaserPowderBedFusion
SelectiveLaserMelting
LPBFO_00006
AverageParticleSize
Arithmetic mean of particle diameter of a powder used for additive manufacturing to describe the particle size distribution.
LPBFO_00007
StandardDeviationOfAverageParticleSize
Standard deviation of the arithmetic mean of the particle diameter of a powder used for additive manufacturing to describe the particle size distribution.
LPBFO_00009
AdditiveManufacturingLayerThickness
Layer thickness in 3D printing is a measure of the layer height of each successive addition of material in the additive manufacturing or 3D printing process in which layers are stacked.
LPBFO_00011
Manufacture by breaking the cohesion of bodies whereby the cohesion is partially or completely reduced as defined by DIN 8580 and DIN 8588.
DIN 8580
Trennen
Separating
LPBFO_00012
Additive manufactured set of parts where a part is a connected material that forms a functional element that can represent an entire product or a section of an intended product.
PartSet
LPBFO_00013
Defining the location of the part within the building volume before additive manufacturing.
DefiningPartLocation
ISO/ASTM 52900
LPBFO_00014
Basis that provides a surface on which the construction of the part(s) is started and supported during the additive manufacturing process.
ISO/ASTM 52900
BuildPlatform
LPBFO_00015
Machine and ancillary equipment used for additive manufacturing.
ISO/ASTM 52900
AdditiveManufacturingEquipment
AdditiveManufacturingSystem
AdditiveSystem
LPBFO_00016
Suppliers of materials / base materials that are to be processed in the additive manufacturing system.
ISO/ASTM 52900
MaterialSupplier
LPBFO_00017
The unique URI to the location of the file on a hard drive or server.
FileURI
LPBFO_00018
For a monochromatic wave, \"wavelength\" is the distance between two successive points in a direction perpendicular to the wavefront where at a given instant the phase differs by \\(2\\pi\\). The wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the spatial period of the wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats. The SI unit of wavelength is the meter."
http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/Wavelength
WaveLength
LPBFO_00019
Bediener oder Gruppe, welche ein ganzes additives Fertigungssystem oder eine Komponente eines additiven Systems verwendet.
Operator or group that uses an entire additive manufacturing system or a component of an additive system
ISO/ASTM 52900
AMSystemUser
AdditiveManufacturingSystemUser
LPBFO_00020
Inert gases such as argon and nitrogen create an environment which is inert, i.e. chemically inactive, which allows parts to be additively manufactured which meet the exacting standards required for metal parts used in the aerospace and automotive industries.
InertGas
LPBFO_00021
The engineering object as part of the AMSystem that produces the energy to melt the powder in the AM process.
LaserUnit
LPBFO_00022
A horizontal bar that spreads and smooths liquid polymer in vat photopolymerization or powder for powder bed fusion and binder jet processes to create a uniform and flat layer before the build material is solidified, sintered, melted, or bonded.
Mit Beschichter ist umgangsprachlich die "Klinge" gemeint, aus der oder denen sich das Beschichtersystem aufbaut.
Beschichter
Recoater
LPBFO_00023
A set of horizontal bars that spreads and smooths liquid polymer in vat photopolymerization or powder for powder bed fusion and binder jet processes to create a uniform and flat layer before the build material is solidified, sintered, melted, or bonded. A recoater system can be composed of several coaters ("blades"), e.g. in a two-blade system.
Ein Beschichtersystem kann sich aus mehreren Beschichtern ("Klingen") zusammensetzen, z.B. in einem Zweiklingensystem.
Beschichtersystem
RecoaterSystem
LPBFO_00024
Laser mode used for AM wehere the distribution of the phase position of the waves perpendicular to the direction of propagation is called transverse modes. E.g. With a cylindrical cross-section of the laser, the beam intensity ideally has a Gaussian profile; this mode is known as TEM00 mode.
LaserMode
LPBFO_00025
BuildOrientationAngleRelativeToBuildPlatform
Angle realtive to build platform (in z-Orientation) that describes the orientation of the part when it is first inserted into the building volume.
LPBFO_00026
The role of a person or company that makes goods for sale. E.g. Used to describe laser unit manufacturer, AMMachine manufacturer etc.
Manufacturer
LPBFO_00027
Type of the laser unit used for AM, e.g. CW- or pulse Laser.
LaserType
LPBFO_00028
DIN 8589-6.
Manufacture by breaking the cohesion of bodies whereby the cohesion is partially or completely reduced as defined by DIN 8580 and DIN 8589-6.
Sawing
LPBFO_00030
Komponentenorientierung in Bauraum
Orientation of the part when it is first inserted into the building volume.
ISO/ASTM 52900
Bauausrichtung
BuildOrientation
LPBFO_00031
Order of exposure by the laser in an additive manufacturing process.
ExposureOrder
LPBFO_00032
A file of suffix .sli / -cli that contains geometric information about slice layers, i.e. scan vectors, for the additive manufacturing process.
SliceLayerInterfaceFile
LPBFO_00033
A file that includes all the necessary information and parameters to complete the additive manufacturing process. Depending on the used AdditiveManufacturingMachine, the suffix can vary (e.g. of suffix .eosjob).
BuildJobFile
CNCControlDataFile
LPBFO_00034
Basis that provides a surface on which the additive manufactured set of parts is already/still located on.
BuildPlatformWithPartSet
LPBFO_00035
The role of an operator or of a group that uses a machine, system or a component of a system.
Operator
LPBFO_00043
Identifier that describes the PartSet unequivocally.
PartSetID
LPBFO_00046
ISO/ASTM 52900
One or more process steps that are undertaken after completion of an additive manufacturing construction cycle in order to achieve the desired properties in the end product.
PartPostProcessing
LPBFO_00047
Turning is a form of machining, a material removal process, which is used to create rotational parts by cutting away unwanted material.
DIN 8589-0
Turning
LPBFO_00048
Any kind of heat treatmend process as defined by DIN 8580 that changes the property of a material. Where changing a property of a material is definded by: Manufacture by changing the properties of the material from which a workpiece is made; this happens by changes in the submicroscopic or atomic range, e.g. B. by diffusion of atoms, generation and movement of dislocations in the atomic lattice, chemical reactions. Unavoidable changes in shape are not part of the nature of these processes.
DIN 8580
HeatTreatment
LPBFO_00056
Name of a file including its suffix, however not the whole FileURI.
FileName
LPBFO_00057
Location of the part within the building volume in additive manufacturing.
ISO/ASTM 52900
PartLocation
LPBFO_00058
To divide something into several pieces.
DIN 8588
Zerteilen
Dividing
LPBFO_00059
Temperature of the BuildPlatform in additive manufacturing 'as supposed'.
BuildPlatformTemperature
LPBFO_00060
Connection for electricity / power as infrastructure equipment for the additive manufacturing system.
PowerConnection
LPBFO_00061
Connection for cooling water as infrastructure equipment for the additive manufacturing system.
CoolingWaterConnection
LPBFO_00065
The portion of particles with diameters smaller than this value is 10%
D10
LPBFO_00066
The portions of particles with diameters smaller and larger than this value are 50%. Also known as the median diameter.
D50
LPBFO_00067
The portion of particles with diameters below this value is 90%.
D90
LPBFO_00070
A boolean information to indicate whether or not a specimen is intended for Heat Treatment according to DIN8580.
IntendedForHeatTreatment
https://www.emi.fraunhofer.de/ontologies/LPBFO_ontology#LPBFO_00048
LPBFO_00071
A boolean information to indicate whether or not a specimen is intended for Turning according to DIN8580.
IntendedForTurning
https://www.emi.fraunhofer.de/ontologies/LPBFO_ontology#LPBFO_00047
LPBFO_00072
Identifier that describes the Part unequivocally.
PartID
LPBFO_0015
Criteria to be taken into account when optimising the part orientation with regard to building time, expected delay, required support structure an utilisation of the building platform. A decision is finally made by weighting the various criteria.
PartOrientationOptimizationCriteria
LPBFO_00500
Additive manufactured part where a part is a connected material that forms a functional element that can represent an entire product or a section of an intended product.
Part
LPBFO_00501
Type of part produced in additive manufacturing that describes the geometry of the part (e.g. "Testteil", "Stäbe", "Bauteil" etc.)
PartType
LPBFO_00502
Chosen power of the laser used for the additive manufacturing process.
LaserPower
LPBFO_00503
Chosen laser velocity used for the additive manufacturing process.
LaserSpeed
LPBFO_00504
Distance between the scan vectors during the additive manufacturing process.
HatchDistance
LPBFO_00505
Connection for inert gas as infrastructure equipment for the additive manufacturing system.
GasConnection
LPBFO_00506
Diameter of the laser beam used for additive manufacturing.
LaserSpot
LPBFO_00507
Name / ID of the Build Job.
BuildJobName
LPBFO_00508
Content of oxygen in AM material or part as weight fraction in percent.
OxygenContent
LPBFO_00509
Content of hydrogen in AM material or part as weight fraction in percent.
HydrogenContent
LPBFO_00510
Any kind of equipment to monitor the additive manufacturing process.
ProcessMonitoringEquipment
LPBFO_00511
A device that from a distance determines the temperature of a surface from the amount of the thermal radiation it emits, measured with high image acquisition rate.
HighspeedPyrometer
LPBFO_00512
Frequency of the image acquisition e.g. of a camera or pyrometer.
ImageAcquisitionRate
LPBFO_00513
Identification for the type of heat treatment. [T5, T6, none]
HeatTreatmentID
https://www.materials.fraunhofer.de/ontologies/BWMD_ontology/domain#BWMD_00060
LPBFO_00514
Identification or name for material batch or state ID. E.g. "Pulver 1" or "Pulver 2".
MaterialStateID
https://www.materials.fraunhofer.de/ontologies/BWMD_ontology/domain#BWMD_00356
LPBFO_00702
Task for an LPBF build job with a defined start and end point in time in which the components, the material, the scanning pattern, the exposure-sequence and -strategy with date for receipt and completion participate. The task definition is stored and written inf form in a file.
AdditiveManufacturingTask
LPBFO_00703
Identifier that describes the AdditiveManufacturingTask unequivocally.
AdditiveManufacturingTaskID
LPBFO_00704
The preparation process before the actual additive manufacturing process, in which the machine commands for the scanner movement and for the laser are supplemented by the machine commands for the lowering of the platform and for the recoater.
FinalizingBuildJobFile
LPBFO_00705
main flow direction and flow rate of the shielding gas
velocity of the recoater
Design parameters of the additive machine that influence the manufacturing process and are set by default and cannot be changed by the operator. Examples are as the direction and velocity of the recoater, the main flow direction and the flow rate of the shielding gas, or the type of preheating system etc.
MachineDesignParameter
LPBFO_00706
This process describes the application of the stored exposure strategy, which also contains rules for up- and down-skin areas and contours, to the scan vectors. For each scan vector, the affiliation to the different areas is determined beforehand so that the rules can be applied. Output of this process is the CNCExposureOrderFile.
ApplyingExposureOrderOnScanVectors
LPBFO_00707
The machine commands for the scanner movement and the laser in the machine individual syntax. This file is output of the preparation process "ApplyingExposureOrderOnScanVectors".
CNCExposureOrderFile
LPBFO_00708
A file that contains the knowledge about the additive manufacturing process to be performed. It includes process information and parameters, such as admissible grain fraction, ranges for the beam diameter, laser power, layer thickness and scanning speed depending on the material and the different areas (contour, up-, down-skin, reduced quenching volume). This information might be stored as a process diagram.
ExposureOrderFile
LPBFO_00709
This process describes the procedure in which the areas enclosed by the intersection lines are filled with hatch and contour vectors with directional constraints according to the present scan strategy.
TransformingSliceLinesWithStrategyToScanVectors
LPBFO_00710
All scan vectors (hatch, contour) per layer and their Order.
ScanVectorsPerLayer
LPBFO_00711
The scan strategy is a set of rules according to which the areas bounded by the cut lines per layer are filled with hatch and contour vectors. The set of rules also concerns the order an direction of the vectors, in particular an antiparallel alignment to the protective gas flow. The rules also specify the overlap between the exposure areas and a possible offset of the contour paths to the cut lines.
ScanStrategy
LPBFO_00713
The calculation of the intersection lines of the component with z=const. planes. The orientation of the plane cutting liens is implemented in such a way that the inner part lies to the left of the line. This information is relevant for the direction in which a possible contour offset is calculated.
CalculatingSliceLines
LPBFO_00714
This process concerns an optimal alignment of the part for the LPBF process and is determiend after specifying a weighting depending on the number of layers, the building time, the supports, the expected distortion and how many components can be placed on the platform.
OptimizingPartOrientation
LPBFO_00716
Characterization of the geometric shape of the particles in a representative way. Their geometric shape can vary from irregular to almost fully spherical with or without satellites. The particle morphology is relevant for the flowability. The particle morphology is relevant for the floability and thus for the homogeneity of the powder layer.
ParticleMorphology
LPBFO_00717
The surface of stored powder grains are always covered by adsorbed moisture. In general moisture is detrimental to the flowability of the powder. The value and unit for humidity depends on the measuring method.
MoistureContent
LPBFO_00718
Flowability is an umbrella term describing the complex behaviour of powder when it is mobilized. Flowability is not one comprehensive property of bulk powder. The term "flowability" always must relate to equipment and the way in which it was tested. One example of such a test is the so-called avalanche test which allows a statistical analysis and extraction of distribution characteristics of quite a number of different parameters like avalanche angle, surface fractal, volume expansion rate and many more.
Flowability
LPBFO_00721
Sub-process regarding the lowering the building platform by a predetermined layer height in preparation for the recoating process.
PlatformLowering
LPBFO_00723
Time-resolved profile of the laser power output for a pulsed laser system.
LaserPulseTemporalProfile
LPBFO_00724
Minimum permissible switching time for the laser unit, relevant for on-the-fly strategy.
MinimumSwitchingTimeOfLaser
LPBFO_00725
The Euler angles, named after the Swiss mathematican Leonhard Euler. The set of three angles can be used to describe the orientation (rotational position) of a solid in three dimensional space.
BuildOrientationEulerAngleRelativeToBuildPlatform
LPBFO_00726
The Cartesian x,y-coordinates on the platform for the x,y-zero point of the rotated part.
PartCoordinateOnBuildPlatform
LPBFO_00727
Count variable for the current layer of the sliced part.
IncrementLayerNumber
LPBFO_00728
Machine settings for shielding gas guidance relating pressure and flow rate an choice of shielding gas.
OperationOfGasGuidance
LPBFO_00729
The gas guidance system ist part of the LPBF system and has adjustment options regarding a flow rate of the inert gas at a given pressure. The extracted gas must be filtered because of the splashes it carries. The filter must be therefore be maitained.
GasGuidanceSystem
LPBFO_00730
Adjustable flow rate of inert gas in L/min.
FlowRateOfShieldingGas
LPBFO_00731
Main flow direction of the shielding gas in relation to the platform coodinate system.
FlowDirectionOfShieldingGas
LPBFO_00732
A condition of use of the technical equipment, which is checked at regular intervals with regard to the machine rounds.
EquipmentCondition
LPBFO_00733
Condition of gas sealing of the building chamber, which has a decisive influence on whether gas is drawn from the atmosphere during operation.
SealingOfBuildSpaceCondition
LPBFO_00734
Optical system to shape the raw laser beam into a specific processing irradiance distribution.
ShapingOfLaserBeam
LPBFO_00735
LaserBeam represents the spatially resolved normalised power density distribution of laser radiation along the beam direction. The normalisation implies that the integral over the power density distribution in any plane perpendicular to the beam axis yields to 1W. The power density distribution effective in the process zone then results as the product of the normalised power density distribution with th set laser power.
LaserBeam
LPBFO_00736
This refers to the laser beam as it comes out of the F-Theta optic.
LaserBeamAfterShaping
LPBFO_00737
This refers to the laser beam as it looks, for example, behind the decoupling fibre, i.e. feore it is fed to the F-Theta optic.
LaserBeamRaw
LPBFO_00738
The tiome resolved on/off profile of an cw-laser which is relevant for the on the fly strategy which means that the laser ist switched off at turning point of hatch vectors.
OnOffProfile
LPBFO_00739
The Laser beam must propagate through the protective glass, which protects the scanner unit from splashes and smoke. Depending on the degree of soiling and heating of the protective glass, the laser beam power is reduced an the power density distribution in the process zone.. e.g. the beam diameter, is generally increased.
LaserPropagationThroughProtectiveGlass
LPBFO_00740
The protective glass protects the f_Theta optic from splashes and smoke. Depending on the degree of contamination, the laser power behind the glass is reduced and the beaam is widened.
ProtectiveGlass
LPBFO_00741
Spatially resolved laser beam characterization in plane.
LaserIntensity
LPBFO_00742
That is the offset of the beam focus relative to the process plane. Depending on the material and process regime, it is preferable to position the focus above or below the process plane.
LaserFocusShift
LPBFO_00743
Spatially resolved beam distribution in the process plane.
LaserIntensityDistributionInTheProcessZone
LPBFO_00744
This refers to the machine sub-process with which the focus position of the laser beam is adjusted.
ShiftingOfLaserFocus
LPBFO_00745
Equiaxial offset of the contour lines in both positive and negative terms, with which the cutting lines are offset. For example, cutting lines are offset slightly outwards in the area of functional surfaces in order to generate an oversize for a milling finishing operation.
ContourOffset
LPBFO_00746
File that contains slice lines per layer.
SliceLinesPerLayerFile
LPBFO_00747
The direction, in which the recoater moves over the platform given in the coordinate system of the build platform.
RecoaterDirection
LPBFO_00748
The sealing of build space often consists of rubber seals to hermetically delimit the build space and enclose the inert gas. It protects the build space from entering atmospheric gas.
SealingOfBuildSpace
LPBFO_00750
A mixed powder is a powder that is composed of primary powder and secondary powder.
MixedPowder
LPBFO_00751
This refers to the operation of the LPBF system. This includes, for example, the preheating, the gas supply, the commissioning of the pyrometer and the layer-by-layer assembly of the component, which itself includes three sub-processes per layer, lowering of the plate, preparation of the powder layer and layer fusion.
OperationOfLPBFProcess
LPBFO_00752
This refers to all data that comes with the AM task and is already set before starting the preparation of the LPBF process.
AMTaskDataSet
LPBFO_00753
The Layer Fusion Process Data Set refers to the data extracted from the building process. This includes, for example, the data recorded with the pyrometers and high-resolution images of the powder layer.
PartBuildingInLayers
LayerFusionProcessDataSet
LPBFO_00754
Contains the instruction in which order, with which power and at which speed the scan vectors are to be processed.
ExposureStrategy
LPBFO_00755
This means the process which itself includes three sub-processes per layer, lowering of the plate, preparation of the powder layer and layer fusion.
PartBuildingInLayers
LPBFO_00756
These data refers to the process OperationOfLPBFProcess and contains all data that is accumulated during the operation of the LPBF process.
OperationOfLPBFProcessDataSet
LPBFO_00757
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colourless, odourless and non-poisonous gas formed by combustion of carbon and in the respiration of living organisms and is considered a greenhouse gas. Emissions means the release of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors into the atmosphere over a specified area and period of time.
Carbon dioxide emissions or CO2 emissions are emissions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement; they include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels as well as gas flaring.
The emissions associated to a proces or object that not directly produce CO2 emissions are estimated via Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and describe the CO2-carbon footprint of that entity.
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Carbon_dioxide_emissions
CO2Emission
https://dbpedia.org/ontology/co2Emission
LPBFO_00800
Waste
LPBFO_00802
All the data set regarding the LCA (Life Cycle Analysis).
LCADataSet
LPBFO_00803
A substance used to reduce or regulate the temperature of a system.
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056832
Coolant
LPBFO_00804
A set of eletrical energy, which came form various sources of electrical energy.
ElectricalEnergySet
LPBFO_00805
An energy newly derived from electric potential energy.
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206799
ElectricalEnergy
LPBFO_00806
An air kept under a pressure that is greater than atmospheric pressure.
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143746
CompressedAir
LPBFO_00807
A set of goods with short durability.
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1681365
ConsumableSet
LPBFO_00808
The primary powder is a new metal powder used for a metal metallurgy process such as the LPBF process.
PrimaryPowder
LPBFO_00809
The secondary powder is a kind of recycled metal powder used for metal metallurgy process such as LPBF process.
SecondaryPowder
LPBFO_00810
A waste coolant is a coolant from an output of a process, which can not be used anymore. It is assumed that the quantity of the waste coolant has the same amount as the coolant input in the same process.
WasteCoolant
LPBFO_00811
The waste consumable set is the output produced in a process, which can not use again. The quantity of waste consumables is assumed the same as the input of the same process (consumables).
WasteConsumableSet
LPBFO_00812
The waste infrastructure set is an output produced in a process, which can not use again. The quantity of waste infrastructure is assumed the same as the input of the same process (infrastructure).
WasteInfrastructureSet
LPBFO_00813
Thermal enegy is defined as a energy which is produced by a machine, or other process that uses energy, as a byproduct of doing work. All such processes give off some waste heat as a fundamental result of the laws of thermodynamics.
WasteThermalEnergy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_heat
LPBFO_00814
The exhaust (air) is an output produced in a process, which can not use again. The quantity of exhaust (air) is assumed the same as compressed air at the input of the same process.
ExhaustAir
LPBFO_00815
The exhaust (inert gas) is an output produced in a process, which can not use again. The quantity of exhaust (inert gas) is assumed the same as inert gas at the input of the same process.
ExhaustInertGas
LPBFO_00816
The powder loss is the quantity of powder lost (such as when collecting the powder) or exciting somewhere else (such as a filter, a vacuum cleaner).
PowderLoss
LPBFO_00817
A process of removing the specimen from the powder bed in LPBF process.
Unpacking
LPBFO_00818
The metal powder collected in a process can potentially be recycled again.
CollectedPowder
LPBFO_00819
An activity that purifies people, animals and objects of dirt and other particles.
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17200001
Cleaning
LPBFO_00820
A process of making the semi-finished product to reduce the temperature until it can use to next process.
Cooldown
LPBFO_00821
Waste support structures is the waste material which is generated by removing the support structures from the main specimen, and it can not use again.
WasteSupportStructure
LPBFO_00822
A collection of support structures when removing it from the semi-finished product.
CollectedSupportStructure
LPBFO_00823
Machining is a process in which a material (often metal) is cut to a desired final shape and size by a controlled material-removal process.
Machining
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machining
LPBFO_00824
Metal swarf are pieces of metal that are the debris or waste resulting from machining (e.g. turning, milling and drilling) or similar subtractive (material-removing) manufacturing processes.
WasteMetalSwarf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_swarf
LPBFO_00825
Range of processes that alter the surface of an item to achieve a certain property.
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2009662
SurfaceTreatment
LPBFO_00826
An abrasive material is a material for abrasive blasting of the surface treatment. For example, the most common material in the abrasive blasting process is sand.
AbrasiveMaterial
LPBFO_00827
The waste abrasive material is a material that can not be recycled or may have residual left elsewhere in the abrasive blasting process.
WasteAbrasiveMaterial
LPBFO_0719
The sub-process per layer in which a new owder layer is applied with a slider.
Recoating
LPBFO_0722
OptoGalvoSystem is a synonym for a beam shaping system an a movement unit for the laser beam. This usually involves F-Theta optic an a galvano scanner system for positioning the beam focus in the platform plane.
OptoGalvoSystem
LPBFO_59d6d442_c309_4576_8499_bb1dfa9c0271
Geometry data generated in the CAX sub-process of building job preparation.
GeometricData
LPBFO_712
General rules used in data preparation and processing for the LPBF building job.
LPBFPreparationRules
LPBFO_720
The sub-process of moving the laser focus along the hatch and contour vectors for that layer according to the specified scanning speed, laser power and focus position.
LayerFusion
mid:BWMD_00001
Any kind of identifier, which is used to identify any kind of entity
Identifier
mid:BWMD_00002
Every technological product is composed of an engineering material or a hybrid compound thereof. In contrast to other materials, engineering materials underwent some kind of manufacturing process, which deliberately changed their structure and properties.
EngineeringMaterial
mid:BWMD_00003
A data set which contains any kind of temporal information content (e.g. date at which a process started, date which defines the object state)
TemporalDataSet
mid:BWMD_00004
A person, i.e. a human being
Person
mid:BWMD_00005
Some kind of field data (tables, columns, matrices...)
FieldData
mid:BWMD_00006
Any kind of text, that is specifically assigned to a process, a publication, an object etc.
SpecificTextualInput
mid:BWMD_00007
A data set that contains structural information content. Such content can describe the geometry or the material structure on any scale.
StructuralInfo
mid:BWMD_00008
Any kind of regulation (e.g. standards, naming convention, internal procedures, system of units...)
Regulation
mid:BWMD_00009
A set of parameters, that is used to control a process. Those are usually quantities of type "as supposed".
ProcessParameterSet
mid:BWMD_00010
Physical or nonphysical quantities
Quantity
mid:BWMD_00011
A quantity kind in analogy to the QUDT ontology described by http://www.qudt.org/
http://www.qudt.org/
QuantityKind
mid:BWMD_00012
Any kind of information content entity (e.g. files, data sets...)
InformationContentEntity
mid:BWMD_00013
Any kind of software
Software
mid:BWMD_00014
Any kind of physics model (e.g. material model)
PhysicsModel
mid:BWMD_00015
The symbol, which is assigned to the unit, e.g. "N" is the typical symbol for Newton or "s" the typical symbol for seconds.
UnitSymbol
mid:BWMD_00016
Any kind of physical unit
Unit
mid:BWMD_00017
A set of subprocesses, which are typically not described in full detail, but helpful to describe the logic of the process
SubprocessSet
mid:BWMD_00018
The process of postprocessing a simulation result
PostProcessing
mid:BWMD_00019
Any kind of simulation process (e.g. finite element simulation, DFT calculation, molecular dynamics simulation, discrete dislocation dynamics simulation ...)
Simulation
mid:BWMD_00020
The chemical element krypton
Krypton
mid:BWMD_00021
Any kind of chemical element from the periodic table as described by https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisches_Element
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisches_Element
ChemicalElement
mid:BWMD_00022
Any kind of figure in a report, publication, book or an image file (.png, tiff, .jpg...)
Figure
mid:BWMD_00023
Any kind of specific data format, e.g. file types like .txt, .xls, .png, .pdf, ...
SpecificDataFormat
mid:BWMD_00024
Any kind of data set
DataSet
mid:BWMD_00025
Any kind of material naming convention not described by international standards
MaterialNamingConventionOther
mid:BWMD_00026
Any kind of material naming convention
MaterialNamingConvention
mid:BWMD_00027
Any kind of building (e.g. an institute building)
Building
mid:BWMD_00028
Any kind of name or label for a specimen or test piece
SpecimenName
mid:BWMD_00029
Any kind of name or label to identify entities, i.e. a string
Name
mid:BWMD_00030
The unit symbol for seconds
s
mid:BWMD_00031
Any kind of document file, that is typically a mixture of written text, figures, tables (e.g. docx, pdf)
DocumentFile
mid:BWMD_00032
A file with a specific file format
File
mid:BWMD_00033
The quantity kind force
Force
mid:BWMD_00034
The chemical element zirconium
Zirconium
mid:BWMD_00035
Some kind of component
Component
mid:BWMD_00036
Technological products underwent some kind of manufacturing process and possess some kind of functionality
TechnologicalProduct
mid:BWMD_00037
Temporal quantity, that describes the start date and time of a time interval
StartDateTime
mid:BWMD_00038
A time related quantity, which describes a date
DateTime
mid:BWMD_00039
Any kind of software tool (e.g. open source software, app)
SoftwareTool
mid:BWMD_00040
A specific identifier, which must be a number
IDNumber
mid:BWMD_00041
The chemical element dysprosium
Dysprosium
mid:BWMD_00042
The chemical element erbium
Erbium
mid:BWMD_00043
The chemical element barium
Barium
mid:BWMD_00044
The volume ratio as described by https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumenverh%C3%A4ltnis
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumenverh%C3%A4ltnis
VolumeRatio
mid:BWMD_00045
Any kind of quantity, that describes the composition of materials
CompositionRelatedQuantity
mid:BWMD_00046
Any kind of ZIP-File
ZIPFile
mid:BWMD_00047
In contrast du a base unit, a derived unit results from a combination of other base units (e.g. Newton = kg*m/s^2
DerivedUnit
mid:BWMD_00048
Any kind of specimen (or test piece) used as research object
Specimen
mid:BWMD_00049
The chemical element caesium
Caesium
mid:BWMD_00050
The chemical element palladium
Palladium
mid:BWMD_00051
The material naming convention according to the Swedish Standard (SS: Svensk Standard)
MaterialNamingConventionSS
mid:BWMD_00052
The material naming convention according the Japan Industrial Standard (JIS)
MaterialNamingConventionJIS
mid:BWMD_00053
Any kind of two dimensional field data, e.g. an Excel sheet, a table...
TwoDimensionalFieldData
mid:BWMD_00054
Consumables are products that consumers use recurrently, i.e., items which "get used up" or discarded.
Consumable
mid:BWMD_00055
The location (a point) at which some quantity is measured
MeasurementLocation
mid:BWMD_00056
Measurement related fiat object part, e.g. measurement range or measurement location
MeasurementRelatedFiatObjectPart
mid:BWMD_00057
The chemical element polonium
Polonium
mid:BWMD_00058
The quantity kind voltage
Voltage
mid:BWMD_00059
The cognitive process of concluding
Concluding
mid:BWMD_00060
Any kind of cognitive process (e.g. analysing, concluding, summarising, evaluating)
CognitiveProcess
mid:BWMD_00061
The chemical element promethium
Promethium
mid:BWMD_00062
The chemical element technetium
Technetium
mid:BWMD_00063
The process of evaluating some kind of data
DataEvaluation
mid:BWMD_00064
Any kind of data transformation process such as data evaluation, data reduction, interpolation etc.
DataTransformation
mid:BWMD_00065
Date and time at the end of a process
ProcessEndDateTime
mid:BWMD_00066
Temporal quantity, that describes the end date and time of a time interval
EndDateTime
mid:BWMD_00067
Any kind of raw data set. Raw data refers to the original data set.
RawDataSet
mid:BWMD_00068
Any kind of data set, that is the output of a process (e.g. raw data, analysed data, files, quantities...)
ProcessDataSet
mid:BWMD_00069
The weight ratio as described by https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenverh%C3%A4ltnis
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenverh%C3%A4ltnis
WeightRatio
mid:BWMD_00070
Some kind of equipment, e.g. which is used in research or production systems
Equipment
mid:BWMD_00071
Any kind of string, that can be used to specify the version of a software
SoftwareVersion
mid:BWMD_00072
A set of machines, components, sensors, equipment, which participate in the same process and are needed to perform the process
ProcessSetup
mid:BWMD_00073
A set of objects, which are part of the same process, but don't necessarily need to merged or fixed together in some way.
ObjectSet
mid:BWMD_00074
The chemical element rhenium
Rhenium
mid:BWMD_00075
The chemical element scandium
Scandium
mid:BWMD_00076
The chemical element fluorine
Fluorine
mid:BWMD_00077
The chemical element molybdenum
Molybdenum
mid:BWMD_00078
Any kind of abstract, typically as part of a publication of presentation
Abstract
mid:BWMD_00079
A literal in an RDF graph
Literal
mid:BWMD_00080
A data set containing material specific data
MaterialDataSet
mid:BWMD_00081
A portable network graphics file (.png) as described by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics
PNGImage
mid:BWMD_00082
An image file with a spefific format (e.g. .jpg, .png, .tiff)
Image
mid:BWMD_00083
A (research) project funded by the industry
IndustryProject
mid:BWMD_00084
Any kind of project (e.g. research project)
Project
mid:BWMD_00085
The chemical element ytterbium
Ytterbium
mid:BWMD_00086
The quantity kind energy
Energy
mid:BWMD_00087
Name of the producer of any kind of product
ProducerName
mid:BWMD_00088
The atomic fraction or atomic ratio as described by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_ratio
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_ratio
AtomicFraction
mid:BWMD_00089
A base quantity kind is a physical base quantity, which are assigned to physical base units. Please see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities#Base_quantities
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities#Base_quantities
BaseQuantityKind
mid:BWMD_00090
The chemical element cadmium
Cadmium
mid:BWMD_00091
The base quantity kind amount of substance
AmountOfSubstance
mid:BWMD_00092
Any kind of simulation software (e.g. for numerical simulations)
SimulationSoftware
mid:BWMD_00093
The weight concentration as described by https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenkonzentration
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenkonzentration
WeightConcentration
mid:BWMD_00094
The specific units which belong to base quantities as described by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_unit_(measurement)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_unit
BaseUnit
mid:BWMD_00095
The chemical element potassium
Potassium
mid:BWMD_00096
The chemical element zinc
Zinc
mid:BWMD_00097
A process of executing a whole simulation or some kind of substep
SimulationStep
mid:BWMD_00098
The quantity kind angle
Angle
mid:BWMD_00099
A series of images taken in a plane, which form a set of images (e.g. images of a microsection or a fracture surface)
PlanarImageSet
mid:BWMD_00100
A set of images
ImageSet
mid:BWMD_00101
Any kind of specimen related (structural) quantity, e.g. the specimen diameter, the gauge length, notch depth, transition radius...
SpecimenRelatedQuantity
mid:BWMD_00102
Any kind of structural quantity or descriptor to (quantitatively) describe the internal or external structure of an object.
StructuralQuantity
mid:BWMD_00103
The chemical element phosphorus
Phosphorus
mid:BWMD_00104
An excel sheet
ExcelSheet
mid:BWMD_00105
Symbol of a chemical element (e.g. H for hydrogen, Si for silicon Al for Aluminium, Fe for iron)
ChemicalElementSymbol
mid:BWMD_00106
The quantity kind capacitance
Capacitance
mid:BWMD_00107
The chemical element antimony
Antimony
mid:BWMD_00108
The chemical element sodium
Sodium
mid:BWMD_00109
Any kind of temperature related quantity, i.e. a quantity of kind temperature (e.g. solution annealing temperature, material temperature...)
TemperatureRelatedQuantity
mid:BWMD_00110
The quantity kind magnetic flux
MagneticFlux
mid:BWMD_00111
An input file is a file with no specific file ending, that is used as input for a simulation
InputFile
mid:BWMD_00112
A .jpg or .jpeg image file (from the Joint Photographic Expert Group) as described by https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG
JPGImage
mid:BWMD_00113
The chemical element cerium
Cerium
mid:BWMD_00114
An engineering object is a physical object, that has been exposed to some kind of manufacturing process. Engineering object are either technological products, which have a function or engineering materials.
EngineeringObject
mid:BWMD_00115
The quantity kind specific heat capacity
SpecificHeatCapacity
mid:BWMD_00116
The chemical element vanadium
Vanadium
mid:BWMD_00117
Any kind of manufacturing process as classified by DIN 8580
Manufacturing
mid:BWMD_00118
The material naming convention according to the UNS number (Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys) as described by https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNS-Nummer
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNS-Nummer
MaterialNamingConventionUNS
mid:BWMD_00119
The fiat object part describing the nanostructure of a material (e.g. precipitates on a nanoscale)
MaterialNanoStructure
mid:BWMD_00120
The fiat object part describing the material structure on different scales
MaterialStructure
mid:BWMD_00121
Any kind of descriptor to describe the structure/format of a file or dataset (e.g. the column number, the delimiter symbol, the decimal separator...)
FormatDescription
mid:BWMD_00122
The base quantity kind time
Time
mid:BWMD_00123
The chemical element lanthanum
Lanthanum
mid:BWMD_00124
The ratio of substances (German: Stoffmengenverhältnis) as described by https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoffmengenverh%C3%A4ltnis
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoffmengenverh%C3%A4ltnis
RatioOfSubstances
mid:BWMD_00125
The chemical element gadolinium
Gadolinium
mid:BWMD_00126
The volume concentration as described by https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumenkonzentration
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumenkonzentration
VolumeConcentration
mid:BWMD_00127
The base quantity kind length
Length
mid:BWMD_00128
The quantity kind electrical conductance
ElectricalConductance
mid:BWMD_00129
Any kind of diameter, that can be used to describe the diameter of some kind of material or immaterial entity
Diameter
mid:BWMD_00130
Any kind of quantity that describes the geometry of some kind of material or immaterial entity, e.g. a diameter, a radius, an area...
GeneralGeometricQuantity
mid:BWMD_00131
Any kind of atom as described by https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom
Atom
mid:BWMD_00132
Any kind of basic matter object, e.g. atoms, chemical elements, electrons...
MatterObject
mid:BWMD_00133
The cognitive process of analysing (e.g. data, experimental results)
Analysing
mid:BWMD_00134
The chemical element magnesium
Magnesium
mid:BWMD_00135
A data set which contains information content about the chemical composition of the material (e.g. weight fraction with reference to the chemical element, value and unit)
ChemicalComposition
mid:BWMD_00136
A data set which contains material structure specific information content, e.g. about the chemical composition, the surface structure or the volume structure on any scale
MaterialStructureInfo
mid:BWMD_00137
Metadata set included in images. E.g. microscopes write the process specific metadata into the image file.
ImageMetadataSet
mid:BWMD_00138
Any kind of analysed data set. This usually means, that it is the result of some kind of postprocessing/analysis process of a raw data file.
AnalysedDataSet
mid:BWMD_00139
The weight fraction as described by https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenanteil
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenanteil
WeightFraction
mid:BWMD_00140
A descriptive text
Description
mid:BWMD_00141
Density: Mass/Volume
The quantity kind density
Density
mid:BWMD_00142
A number of some kind, which specifies the number of entities
Number
mid:BWMD_00143
A quantity which specifies the amount of entities
Amount
mid:BWMD_00144
The quantity kind electric charge
ElectricCharge
mid:BWMD_00145
The chemical element oxygen
Oxygen
mid:BWMD_00146
The quantity kind frequency
Frequency
mid:BWMD_00147
Any kind of three dimensional field data
ThreeDimensionalFieldData
mid:BWMD_00148
The fiat object part describing the microstructure of a material
MaterialMicrostructure
mid:BWMD_00149
The quantity kind power
Power
mid:BWMD_00150
Any kind of generic subprocesses, which are typical parts of other processes (e.g. cooling, heating, process execution...)
GeneralExperimentRelatedProcess
mid:BWMD_00151
Any kind of experimental process
Experiment
mid:BWMD_00152
The chemical element hafnium
Hafnium
mid:BWMD_00153
The quantity kind volume
Volume
mid:BWMD_00154
The chemical element astatine
Astatine
mid:BWMD_00155
The chemical element radium
Radium
mid:BWMD_00156
The chemical element rhodium
Rhodium
mid:BWMD_00157
A DOCX file is a Microsoft Word document that typically contains text. DOCX is the newer version of DOC.
DOCXFile
mid:BWMD_00158
The quantity kind pressure
Pressure
mid:BWMD_00159
The chemical element tantalum
Tantalum
mid:BWMD_00160
The cognitive process of summarising some kind of work, which typically results in a written summary
Summarising
mid:BWMD_00161
The chemical element indium
Indium
mid:BWMD_00162
A conclusion/concluding remark about any kind of result
Conclusion
mid:BWMD_00163
A data set, which contains specimen specific geometrical information content
SpecimenGeometryParameter
mid:BWMD_00164
Data set containing geometric information content
GeometryInfo
mid:BWMD_00165
The quantity kind velocity
Velocity
mid:BWMD_00166
Machine specific software, e.g. used to control the process or acquire data
MachineSoftware
mid:BWMD_00167
A workshop dealing with mechanical manufacturing processes such as turning, wire eroding, separating, sawing...
MechanicalWorkshop
mid:BWMD_00168
Any kind of microstructural quantity or descriptor, that is used to describe a material on a microstructural level
MicrostructuralQuantity
mid:BWMD_00169
A set of infrastructure specific equipment, which participates in the same process
InfrastructureEquipmentSet
mid:BWMD_00170
A set of equipment (e.g. infrastructure equipment) participating in the same process
EquipmentSet
mid:BWMD_00171
Any kind of software to control machines, measurement equipment etc.
ControlSoftware
mid:BWMD_00172
The material naming convention according to AFNOR (Association francaise de normalisation)
MaterialNamingConventionAFNOR
mid:BWMD_00173
The chemical element lead
Lead
mid:BWMD_00174
The material naming convention according to the British Standards Institution
MaterialNamingConventionBS
mid:BWMD_00175
The chemical element argon
Argon
mid:BWMD_00176
The chemical element samarium
Samarium
mid:BWMD_00177
The chemical element lutetium
Lutetium
mid:BWMD_00178
Name of a consumable
ConsumableName
mid:BWMD_00179
A data set which contains information content about the material surface structure on any scale
MaterialSurfaceStructureInfo
mid:BWMD_00180
Is the base element of a chemical composition, e.g. Ni in Ni-alloys, Al in Al-alloys.
BaseElementOfComposition
mid:BWMD_00181
A public funded (research) project
PublicProject
mid:BWMD_00182
The chemical element xenon
Xenon
mid:BWMD_00183
The chemical element tungsten
Tungsten
mid:BWMD_00184
The process of interpolating data
Interpolation
mid:BWMD_00185
The amount of substance as described by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amount_of_substance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amount_of_substance
AmountOfSubstanceQuantity
mid:BWMD_00186
Any kind of procedure to describe processes
Procedure
mid:BWMD_00187
Some kind of event, which takes place during a process, e.g. a chemical reaction, a power breakdown, an interruption during an experiment...
Event
mid:BWMD_00188
The process of preprocessing a simulation, e.g. for a finite element simulation parts need to be meshed, a material needs to be assigned, inital conditions assigned...
PreProcessing
mid:BWMD_00189
The base quantity kind electric current
ElectricCurrent
mid:BWMD_00190
A fraction of two numbers, e.g. the number of precipitates within a certain size interval normalized by the total number of precipitates
NumberFraction
mid:BWMD_00191
The chemical element strontium
Strontium
mid:BWMD_00192
Any kind of (scientific/technical) report
Report
mid:BWMD_00193
A diagram in a book, report or publication
Diagram
mid:BWMD_00194
The process of exporting data (e.g. from a output file generated by some simulation software)
DataExport
mid:BWMD_00195
The chemical element ruthenium
Ruthenium
mid:BWMD_00196
The quantity kind (electrical) resistance
Resistance
mid:BWMD_00197
A STEP-file is a CAD file format as described by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_10303-21
STEPFile
mid:BWMD_00198
Any kind of CAD file (CAD: Computer-Aided Design)
CADFile
mid:BWMD_00199
The name of a person. Of course this should be devided into first name, surname, midlle name...
PersonName
mid:BWMD_00200
The chemical element gold
Gold
mid:BWMD_00201
The material naming convention describing the material number according to CEN (European Committee for Standardization) as described by https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahlsorte#Werkstoffnummern
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahlsorte#Werkstoffnummern
MaterialNamingConventionENMaterialNumber
mid:BWMD_00202
A site related to a technological product (e.g. a notch, a cooling hole...)
TechnologicalProductRelatedSite
mid:BWMD_00203
Objects, which are part of a material, but could also exist outside of a material compound. In contrast to fiat object parts, there must be a clear physical boundary (e.g. a precipitate, a grain, a nonmetallic inclusion).
MaterialStructureRelatedObject
mid:BWMD_00204
The chemical element aluminium
Aluminium
mid:BWMD_00205
The chemical element neon
Neon
mid:BWMD_00206
Any kind of time related quantity, i.e. a quantity of quantity kind time
TimeRelatedQuantity
mid:BWMD_00207
A structural quantity related to some kind of consumable
ConsumableRelatedQuantity
mid:BWMD_00208
The base unit second, which is a SI unit
Second
mid:BWMD_00209
Software used for preprocessing
PreprocessingSoftware
mid:BWMD_00210
The chemical element terbium
Terbium
mid:BWMD_00211
The chemical element francium
Francium
mid:BWMD_00212
The chemical element gallium
Gallium
mid:BWMD_00213
A comma-separated values (.csv) file as described by https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV_(Dateiformat)
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV
CSVFile
mid:BWMD_00214
The base quantity kind luminous intensity
LuminousIntensity
mid:BWMD_00215
The process of reducing data. Typically the reduced data should contain the relevant data.
DataReduction
mid:BWMD_00216
The material naming convention according to CEN (European Committee for Standardization) for the material short name as described by https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahlsorte#Werkstoffkurzname
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahlsorte#Werkstoffkurzname
MaterialNamingConventionENShortName
mid:BWMD_00217
The chemical element selenium
Selenium
mid:BWMD_00218
Any kind of one dimensional field data
OneDimensionalFieldData
mid:BWMD_00219
The chemical element sulfur
Sulfur
mid:BWMD_00220
The chemical element prasedoymium
Prasedoymium
mid:BWMD_00221
The chemical element chromium
Chromium
mid:BWMD_00222
The chemical element iodine
Iodine
mid:BWMD_00223
The chemical element neodymium
Neodymium
mid:BWMD_00224
The base quantity kind mass
Mass
mid:BWMD_00225
The chemical element tellurium
Tellurium
mid:BWMD_00226
A data set which contains information content about the material volume structure on any scale
MaterialVolumeStructureInfo
mid:BWMD_00227
The chemical element calcium
Calcium
mid:BWMD_00228
The chemical element bismuth
Bismuth
mid:BWMD_00229
The chemical element iron
Iron
mid:BWMD_00230
A material structure related fiat object part (e.g. grain structure, heat affected zone). This class describes individual features, which can also belong to the nano-, micro- or mesostructure of the material.
MaterialStructureRelatedFiatObjectPart
mid:BWMD_00231
A quantity kind, which is a dimensionless ratio of some kind
DimensionlessRatio
mid:BWMD_00232
The chemical element niobium
Niobium
mid:BWMD_00233
Any kind of mechanical quantity or property
MechanicalQuantity
mid:BWMD_00234
The combination of a cognitive process and the act of documenting some kind of observation
Documenting
mid:BWMD_00235
Any kind of preparation process (e.g. specimen preparation...)
Preparation
mid:BWMD_00236
Measurement range: The area/volume in which the measurement is performed.
MeasurementRange
mid:BWMD_00237
The chemical element iridium
Iridium
mid:BWMD_00238
The chemical element germanium
Germanium
mid:BWMD_00239
The chemical element platinum
Platinum
mid:BWMD_00240
A Microsoft Excel file (.xls or .xlsx)
XLSFile
mid:BWMD_00241
Name of a software (e.g. Microsoft Word, ABAQUS, Python)
SoftwareName
mid:BWMD_00242
A data set containg the information content of a withdrawal plan (e.g. PDFFile, CADFile...), which is used in a mechanical workshop to manufacture specimens, test pieces etc.
WithdrawalPlan
mid:BWMD_00243
A comment assigned to a process or an object
Comment
mid:BWMD_00244
A fiat object part describing the region of interest, which is the focus of a characterization process
RegionOfInterest
mid:BWMD_00245
Name of a procedure (e.g. norm, standard, internal procedure)
ProcedureName
mid:BWMD_00246
The chemical element holmium
Holmium
mid:BWMD_00247
The chemical element lithium
Lithium
mid:BWMD_00248
Any kind of data acquisition software
DataAcquisitionSoftware
mid:BWMD_00249
A fiat object part of a technological product (e.g. a welded connection)
TechnologicalProductRelatedFiatObjectPart
mid:BWMD_00250
The chemical element nitrogen
Nitrogen
mid:BWMD_00251
The chemical element copper
Copper
mid:BWMD_00252
The chemical element nickel
Nickel
mid:BWMD_00253
The molar concentration of a substance as described by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration#Molar_concentration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration#Molar_concentration
ConcentrationOfSubstance
mid:BWMD_00254
A text, that is a summary of some other text or work
Summary
mid:BWMD_00255
The chemical element silicon
Silicon
mid:BWMD_00256
The chemical element bromine
Bromine
mid:BWMD_00257
The chemical element mercury
Mercury
mid:BWMD_00258
A PDF file (Portable Document Format) as described by https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format
PDFFile
mid:BWMD_00259
The chemical element manganese
Manganese
mid:BWMD_00260
The chemical element chlorine
Chlorine
mid:BWMD_00261
Date and time at the start of a process
ProcessStartDateTime
mid:BWMD_00262
The chemical element yttrium
Yttrium
mid:BWMD_00263
The chemical element silver
Silver
mid:BWMD_00264
Material naming convention according to the Gossudarstwenny Standart (GOST, Russian standard)
MaterialNamingConventionGOST
mid:BWMD_00265
The chemical element robidium
Rubidium
mid:BWMD_00266
The base quantity kind temperature
Temperature
mid:BWMD_00267
The chemical element thulium
Thulium
mid:BWMD_00268
The fiat object part of a material, which describes the mesostructure (e.g. grain structure in a metallic material)
MaterialMesoStructure
mid:BWMD_00269
The quantity kind fraction
Fraction
mid:BWMD_00270
The SI unit system
SIUnit
mid:BWMD_00271
Any kind of system of units (e.g. SI)
SystemOfUnits
mid:BWMD_00272
A Windows Media-Audio/-Video (.wmv) file as described by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Video
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Video
WMVFile
mid:BWMD_00273
Cartesian coordinates (e.g. x, y, z)
CartesianCoordinate
mid:BWMD_00274
The process of extrapolating data
Extrapolation
mid:BWMD_00275
Any kind of software script (e.g. Python)
SoftwareScript
mid:BWMD_00276
The volume fraction as described by https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumenanteil
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumenanteil
VolumeFraction
mid:BWMD_00277
A molecule as described by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule
Molecule
mid:BWMD_00278
A cluster is an ensemble of bound atoms or molecules in the sizes range between a simple molecule and a nanoparticle as described by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_cluster
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_cluster
Cluster
mid:BWMD_00279
The chemical element arsenic
Arsenic
mid:BWMD_00280
Name of a specific object aggregate
ObjectAggregateName
mid:BWMD_00281
A text file (.txt) is a standard text document that contains unformatted text and is recognized by any text editing or word processing software.
TXTFile
mid:BWMD_00282
The chemical element berylium
Berylium
mid:BWMD_00283
Any kind of standard as published by the International Organization of Standardization (ISO)
ISOStandard
mid:BWMD_00284
A set of machines, components, sensors, equipment, which participate in the same research process/test/experiment and are needed to perform the test
TestSetup
mid:BWMD_00285
A tagged image file (.tiff) as described by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIFF.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIFF
TIFFImage
mid:BWMD_00286
The quantity kind area
Area
mid:BWMD_00287
A column (e.g. in a table)
Column
mid:BWMD_00288
The chemical element thallium
Thallium
mid:BWMD_00289
Name of an equipment
EquipmentName
mid:BWMD_00290
The chemical element helium
Helium
mid:BWMD_00291
The chemical element radon
Radon
mid:BWMD_00292
A series of images, that form a vertical stack (e.g. a series of images generated by tomography).
ImageStack
mid:BWMD_00293
The chemical element carbon
Carbon
mid:BWMD_00294
The chemical element europium
Europium
mid:BWMD_00295
The chemical element boron
Boron
mid:BWMD_00296
Here software architecture is defined as the aggregate of different software modules (e.g. control software, data acquisition software...) which participate in the same process
SoftwareArchitecture
mid:BWMD_00297
Any kind of (scientific) publication
Publication
mid:BWMD_00298
The quantity kind concentration
Concentration
mid:BWMD_00299
The quantity kind ratio
Ratio
mid:BWMD_00300
The chemical element cobalt
Cobalt
mid:BWMD_00301
The chemical element osmium
Osmium
mid:BWMD_00302
The material naming convention according to AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute)
MaterialNamingConventionAISI
mid:BWMD_00303
Name of a fiat object part
FiatObjectPartName
mid:BWMD_00304
Any kind of table
Table
mid:BWMD_00305
The chemical element titanium
Titanium
mid:BWMD_00306
Name or acronym of a (research) project
ProjectName
mid:BWMD_00307
The quantity kind number density
NumberDensity
mid:BWMD_00308
A material defect (e.g. pore, crack), which describes the artifact of immaterial type
MaterialDefect
mid:BWMD_00309
The chemical element hydrogen
Hydrogen
mid:BWMD_00310
The combination of a cognitive and an evaluation process, which results in some kind of (written) evaluation.
ProcessEvaluation
mid:BWMD_00311
The chemical element tin
Tin
mid:BWMD_00342
any kind of material standardized name
MaterialName
mid:BWMD_00346
Container format HDF5 used to store metadata and time dependent experimental data in an efficient and sustaibable manner, e.g. machine generated raw data or secondary data generated by specific scripts. Container format established within the framework of the IWM HUB Episode VI-Sprint 3.
HDF5File
Elena G Trelles (IWM)
mid:BWMD_00347
Name of a file
FileName
mid:BWMD_00348
Any kind of specimen ID
SpecimenID
mid:BWMD_00349
Permanent ID for microsections at the Fraunhofer IWM
IWMMicrosectionID
mid:BWMD_00350
Permanent and unique ID for specimens at the Fraunhofer IWM
IWMLabelsID
mid:BWMD_00351
ID of an ingot (e.g. used as raw material for a casting process)
IngotID
mid:BWMD_00352
Order ID belonging to a process
OrderID
mid:BWMD_00353
Any kind of uniform resource locator (URL) as described by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL
mid:BWMD_00354
The URL pointing to a folder in a file system
URLToFolder
mid:BWMD_00355
The URL pointing to a file
URLToFile
mid:BWMD_00356
concept to express a particular state of a material after defined by a particular history which has to some extend affected the material mechanical properties, eg. the hardness characteristic values, the yield stress, the fatigue lifetime, etc.
In many material science projects, different batches of a material are characteized with small changes in composition or heat treatment history. Each particular batch gets its own identifier and this is the role of the "MaterialStateID".
MaterialStateID
mid:BWMD_00358
Any kind of identifier for object
ObjectID
mid:BWMD_00359
Any kind of process ID for an individual process
ProcessID
mid:BWMD_00360
ID of a specimen as received from an external institution (e.g. component send from a private company to a research institute for defect size characterization is received by the research instute with a given reference number , however a new internal object ID is given to the component by the reserch institute)
ExternalObjectID
Elena G Trelles
mid:BWMD_00361
Metadata set included in DataSetGroup of the HDF5Container. E.g. machines write the process specific metadata into the file.Created in the context of the HDF5Container (HUB-EpisodeVI-Sprint5)
MetaDataSet
v1.1.9
BFO 2 Reference: BFO does not claim to provide complete coverage of entities of all types. It seeks only to provide coverage of those entities studied by empirical science together with those entities which affect or are involved in human activities such as data processing and planning - coverage that is sufficiently broad to provide assistance to those engaged in building domain ontologies for purposes of data annotation.
BFO 2 Reference: BFO's treatment of continuants and occurrents - as also its treatment of regions, rests on a dichotomy between space and time, and on the view that there are two perspectives on reality - earlier called the 'SNAP' and 'SPAN' perspectives, both of which are essential to the non-reductionist representation of reality as we understand it from the best available science.
BFO 2 Reference: For both terms and relational expressions in BFO, we distinguish between primitive and defined. 'Entity' is an example of a primitive term. Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms that are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms.
Alan Ruttenberg
Albert Goldfain
Barry Smith
Bill Duncan
Bjoern Peters
Chris Mungall
David Osumi-Sutherland
Fabian Neuhaus
Holger Stenzhorn
James A. Overton
Janna Hastings
Jie Zheng
Jonathan Bona
Larry Hunter
Leonard Jacuzzo
Ludger Jansen
Mark Ressler
Mathias Brochhausen
Mauricio Almeida
Melanie Courtot
Pierre Grenon
Randall Dipert
Ron Rudnicki
Selja Seppälä
Stefan Schulz
Thomas Bittner
Werner Ceusters
Yongqun "Oliver" He
Please see the project site https://github.com/BFO-ontology/BFO, the bfo2 owl discussion group http://groups.google.com/group/bfo-owl-devel, the bfo2 discussion group http://groups.google.com/group/bfo-devel, the tracking google doc http://goo.gl/IlrEE, and the current version of the bfo2 reference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/dev/bfo2-reference.docx. This ontology is generated from a specification at https://github.com/BFO-ontology/BFO/tree/master/src/ontology/owl-group/specification/ and with the code that generates the OWL version in https://github.com/BFO-ontology/BFO/tree/master/src/tools/. A very early version of BFO version 2 in CLIF is at http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/dev/bfo.clif.
The BSD license on the BFO project site refers to code used to build BFO.
This BFO 2.0 version represents a major update to BFO and is not strictly backwards compatible with BFO 1.1. The previous OWL version of BFO, version 1.1.1 will remain available at http://ifomis.org/bfo/1.1 and will no longer be updated. The BFO 2.0 OWL is a classes-only specification. The incorporation of core relations has been held over for a later version.
v1.1.9 (2022-09-20): Added "hasEnvironmentalImpact" for carbon footprint labelling. Deleted "hasQuality" in LPBFO since appearance in BWMD_mid.
v1.1.8 (2022-09-06): Added "CO2Emission" for carbon footprint labelling.
v1.1.7 (2021-11-30): Added classes regarding the operation of the LPBF process.
v1.1.6 (2021-11-16): Added the classes of LCA by Yu-Sheng Tang
v1.1.5 (2021-11-16): Added SliceLinesPerLayerFile, RecoaterDirection and SealingOfBuildSpace for ADAM project by Martin Huschka.
v1.1.4 (2021-11-12): Added several Classes to better specify the LPBF process within the ADAM project (am-data-space.org)
v1.1.3 (2021-09-09): Refactored to LPBF Ontology.
v1.0.3 (2021-09-09): Renamed to LPBF Ontology without refactoring. Entities added.
v1.0.2 (2021-08-03): Several Classes for the LPBF process at fem were added.
v1.0.1 (2020-12-14): D10, D50, D90 were added.
Contact:
Martin Huschka
Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics , Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI
Ernst-Zermelo-Strasse 4, 79104 Freiburg , Germany
Martin.Huschka@EMI.Fraunhofer.de
Contact:
Martin Jäcklein
Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics , Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI
Ernst-Zermelo-Strasse 4, 79104 Freiburg , Germany
Martin.Huschka@EMI.Fraunhofer.de
The LPBF Ontology can be used to describe the additive manufacturing of a component via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) / Selective Laser Melting (SLM). The ontology builds on BFO2.0 and BWMD_mid and has been developed to be used in conjunction with the digital workflows provided by Fraunhofer IWM. If possible, the terminology within this ontology was used as provided by ISO/ASTM 52900:2015. Historically, it was created as LPBFO ontology; an ontology that described the SLM process at Fraunhofer EMI. However, it is now being used for other applications as well, some leftovers named EMISLM might still be apparent until being updated.
v1.1.9
Martin Huschka (Fraunhofer EMI)
Martin Jäcklein (Fraunhofer EMI)
v1.0.10 (2022-09-06): changed language from german to english on "hasShape", "influencedBy" and others. Added "isSubpropertyOf" to some ObjectProperties by Martin Huschka.
v1.0.9 (2021-11-12): hasImpactOn, influencedBy and hasQuality added as Object Property by Martin Huschka.
v1.0.8 (2021-04-14): "hasShape" added as dataProperty and MetaDataset added as subclass of DataSet in order to describe the Hdf%Container structure. "FileName" was added as a Subclass of Name. Changes performed by Elena G Trelles (Fraunhofer IWM in the context of the HUB Episode VI-sprint V).
v1.0.7 (2021-03-11): Subclasses of "Identifier" contained in the "domain" module were transfer to the mid-level module with updated IRIs. The new classes ExternalObjectID, URLToFile, and HDF5File were added to the mid-level module. Changes performed by Elena G Trelles (Fraunhofer IWM).
v1.0.6 (2020-12-07): Data properties (hasBooleanLiteral, hasURILiteral) added by Martin Huschka (Fraunhofer EMI).
v1.0.5 (2020-12-04): Annotations were added to every entity by Christoph Schweizer.
v1.0.4 (2020-11-04): Updated by Elena G Trelles (Fraunhofer IWM). MaterialName added as subclass of Name, hasDateLiteral (range:xds:dateTime) added as DataProperty, ranges specified as well for hasDoubleLiteral (xds:double) and hasIntegerLiteral (xds:integer)
v1.0.3 (2020-11-04): Updated format properties by Elena G Trelles (Fraunhofer IWM). Addition of data/object properties as subproperty of topProperty.
v1.0.2 (2020-11-04): Import GraphDesigner (GD) Ontology and added GD-annotations to some classes, object properties and data properties.
v1.0.1 (2020-10-20): Basic activities performed: All datatypes of labels were changed from xsd:string to xml:lang='en'. Language tag of the annotation properties "author" and "curator" were adapted to 'en'. Curator 'Simon Stier' added.
v1.0.0 (2020-10-12): The BWMD-Ontology was curated within the DMD4F-project. It was divided into two modules: 'mid' and 'domain'. The ontology IRI was changed and the IRI-naming convention was altered in order to incorporate iterative IDs, the former entity-IRI now is the 'label'. Curation performed by Martin Huschka, Philipp von Hartrott und Simon Stier.
1. Kontakt:
Christoph Schweizer
Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoffmechanik IWM
Wöhlerstraße 11, 79108 Freiburg
christoph.schweizer@iwm.fraunhofer.de
Contact:
Martin Huschka
Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics , Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI
Ernst-Zermelo-Strasse 4, 79104 Freiburg , Germany
Martin.Huschka@EMI.Fraunhofer.de
Kontakt:
Philipp von Hartrott
Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoffmechanik IWM
Wöhlerstraße 11, 79108 Freiburg
philipp.von.hartrott@iwm.fraunhofer.de
This is the mid-level module of the BWMD_ontology.
v1.0.10
Christoph Schweizer (Fraunhofer IWM)
Elena Garcia Trelles (Fraunhofer IWM)
Martin Huschka (Fraunhofer EMI)
Philipp von Hartrott (Fraunhofer IWM)